Origin of babies Essay

Once, there is young man who wished to have a good life, a great family he can call his own and offspring that he wanted to share his life with. During his bachelorhood, he would usually sit on his patio and think of these things. Years went by and he was able to marry the love of his life, the queen of his heart. He shared with her, his dreams when he was still a bachelor and together, they made that single simple dream come true. Under the clear blue sky of Paris, they both decided to have a family of their own, raise kids and be good parents. Soon after, their dream materialized and was blessed with a son. Being the kind of man that he his, he wants to raise his son the same way that his parents did to me. He would read to his son stories that deal with bravery, courage and respect to others. They were both a loving parent to their son they would give him all that he want if it is the best for him. When he was a year older, his father wants to mold his son into the kind of man that he is. They would often go out together and enjoy things that boys really do enjoy. Years and years passed, the son was already full-grown. He had finished college, had a secure job and is intending to marry his college girlfriend. They got married after several months of preparation and eventually bore their own child and a grandchild to their parents. The life cycle was already completed. The cycle of human life is chain and so it needs to be fulfilled step-by-step in order to arrive at the finish line. Upon the birth of their son, they were able to satisfy their urge of having a child and raise it the same that their parents did to them. They were able to fulfill the dream of their parents’ who wanted to see little children running around the lawn.

Why I Want To Become An Engineer

Each and everyone of us had our own particular desire and I believed that has been develop since childhood. Ever since I was a kid, I was amazed by the creation of the skyscrapers and outrageously styled buildings. I have always appreciated the large structures and buildings which have surrounded me and I have always had respect for the people who have been involved with the design and constructions of these buildings on such a large scale.I kept wondering how people could construct such an attractive and difficult creations. As I entered high school, my interests further expanded when I took studies in civil engineering and engineering drawing classes as it explain more about buildings. I know that to become a Civil Engineer I have to work very hard in college and get very good grades. Even though my SPM result was not that good but I was determined to redeem it.I’m working hard to improve my grades in matriculation and I believe if someone in your company that have this kind of attitude to look for continous improvement to some extent it can be beneficial to your company. On my behalf, I think I deserve this scholarship because I am very hard working person. I put so much effort in anything I choose to do, or any task according to me. My goals in life are often high. I am a goal getter, so I will do anything to achieve my goals.I think that the drive I have to succeed, and to express knowledge into the life of the ones coming behind me is one of many reasons why I deserve this scholarship. Besides, my parent is the middle class salary earner so by having this scholarship I can ease their burden. Lastly , I have think that civil engineering is an ideal field for me. I believe that I have the personal attributes and intelligence required to be a civil engineer. I also believe that I possess the work habits and drive to be a successful engineer. This is why I have chosen to pursue this as a career.

Are Young People More Materialistic In Modern Society Philosophy Essay

Are Young People More Materialistic In Modern Society Philosophy Essay Materialism, in philosophy, a widely held system of thought that explains the nature of the world as entirely dependent on matter, the fundamental and final reality beyond which nothing need be sought. Certain periods in history, usually those associated with scientific advance, are marked by strong materialistic tendencies. The doctrine was formulated as early as the 4th cent. B.C. by Democritus, in whose system of atomism all phenomena are explained by atoms and their motions in space. Other early Greek teaching, such as that of Epicurus and Stoicism, also conceived of reality as material in its nature. The theory was later renewed in the 17th cent. by Pierre Gassendi and Thomas Hobbes, who believed that the sphere of consciousness essentially belongs to the corporeal world, or the senses. The investigations of John Locke were adapted to materialist positions by David Hartley and Joseph Priestley. They were a part of the materialist development of the 18th cent., strongly manifest ed in France, where the most extreme thought was that of Julien de La Mettrie. The culminating expression of materialist thought in this period was the Systà ¨me de la nature (1770), for which Baron d’Holbach is considered chiefly responsible. A reaction against materialism was felt in the later years of the 18th cent., but the middle of the 19th cent. brought a new movement, largely psychological in interpretation. Two of the modern developments of materialism are dialectical materialism and physicalism, a position formulated by some members of the Logical Positivist movement. Closely related to materialism in origin are naturalism and sensualist. Materialism is sometimes allied with the methodological principle of reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description — typically, a more general level than the r educed one. Non-reductive materialism explicitly rejects this notion, however, taking the material constitution of all particulars to be consistent with the existence of real objects, properties, or phenomena not explicable in the terms canonically used for the basic material constituents. Jerry Fodor influentially argues this view, according to which empirical laws and explanations in â€Å"special sciences† like psychology or geology are invisible from the perspective of, say, basic physics. A vigorous literature has grown up around the relation between these views. â€Å"Materialism† has also frequently been understood to designate an entire scientific, â€Å"rationalistic† world view, particularly by religious thinkers opposed to it and also by Marxists. It typically contrasts with dualism, phenomenalism, idealism, and vitalism. For Marxism, materialism is central to the â€Å"materialist conception of history†, which centers on the empirical world of actual human activity (practice, including labor) and institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity. In today’s society, materialism takes part in every person’s life, no matter what social class they are. The idea of being materialistic can be considered immoral, but there is a fine line between morality and personal interests. It is safe to say that everybody is materialistic to a certain extent, whether it be from buying the same brand of jeans because they fit nice, to purchasing a wide variety of hot rods. It is obvious that the latter of the two is the one which can be considered to cross the line. Buying some nice clothes here and there is normal for people and everybody does it once in a while. While on the other hand, buying 5 or 6 sports cars can be considered somewhat pretentious.

Space Shuttles Flight Path Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Space Shuttles Flight Path - Essay Example In an approximately a two minute time interval, the two boosters are spent and are separated from the external tank. Once spent, they fall into the ocean at predetermined points and are recovered for reuse. After about eight minutes firing of the engines shuts down, and the craft is injected into orbit. At this time, the external tank is then separated from the orbiter, and is sent into a ballistic trajectory in a designated, yet remote area of the ocean, and is not intended for recuperation. The engine system is constituted of thirty eight primary Reaction Control System (RCS) engines and six vernier RCS engines. RCS are used for maneuvering leverage. Reaction control system release of the engines is done in sequential separation from the orbiter. Initiation of the Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) engines fires the orbiter into orbit. OMS are used to increase velocity on the orbiter's maneuvers. Two OMS execute the orbiter into orbit, while only one thrust sequence is utilized for deorbit. Velocity is attained at approximately 25, 405 feet per second (17,322 statute miles per hour). Deorbit requires a decrease of velocity at about 300 fps (205 mph) for reentry. In the initial entry sequence, the RCS engines control the attitude (i.e. pitch, roll and yaw) of the orbiter, as aerodynamic pressure builds toward activation of the primary reaction control system engine inhibitors. High temperatures induced by entry, are mitigated by a reusable thermal protection system over the entire orbiter. Once unpowered, the orbiter glides to Earth and lands with aviation instrumentation with nominal touchdown at 186 to 196 knots of speed (i.e. 213 to 213 to 225 miles per hour. Risk assessment and cost mitigation management planning in the space community is prefaced by the prediction that satellites have disasters of their own. On February 24, 2009, orbit of the OCO satellite failed as it was being carried into space when the Taurus rocket carrying the craft detached and crashed into the sea near Antarctica. Initial launch of the Observatory was followed by reschedule of the project. In terms of statistical significance probabilistic risk projections of satellite failure and especially satellite collisions are almost impossible to predict. In consideration of the primary differences between accident risk and other types of risk such as public health mitigation of toxicological risk are located in: 1) the derivative of hazard utility to cost; 2) and longitudinal repercussions of consequences of risk. Accidents, while potentially easier to evaluate and hence, mitigate according to engineering systems analysis, may include environmental disasters unknown or statistically insignificant (i.e. outer space satellite collisions). Costs may be high due to level of technological process included in such systemic models of risk accountability, but potential for adherence to regulatory expectation is high in professional settings where scientific analysis and expert operation of technological endeavors eliminates random human errors by laypersons. Here the garbage in and garbage out scenario works best, as garbage can be understood and controlled through incorporation of monitoring into mitigation strategies. A schematic showing the arrangement of the valves in the main propulsion system of Mars Observer (Harland, 2005). The development of universal Safety and Hazard Analysis sources by NASA and their impact on manufacturing

Windows Server Deployment Proposal Rubric Paper Research - 1

Windows Server Deployment Rubric Paper - Research Proposal Example It is imperative to understand that successful deployment often starts with good planning, and it is often never too early to begin planning changes in the IT environment. Therefore, throughout the infrastructure, Windows Server 2012 will be used, the enterprise edition on the other hand will be leveraged on all the other serves, this is because of its capability of having 4 virtual licenses per Operating system. In order to increase reliability as well as the security the Server Core will be on all the servers. All servers as well as operating systems will be installed using image files that will be retrieved from a master computer through the Windows Deployment services (WDS) (Tulloch, 2012). The installation of the operating systems from the Windows Deployment services will help dramatically increase the time taken for installation. All the server roles will be distributed in an equal way and it will help take advantage of fault tolerance, availability, security as well as allocation. The foundation of these placing workstations as well as servers, this will help in the deploying of operating system image files which could be completed in a day wit h one or two with system administrators. In the deployment of the Windows server, a hybrid DHCP infrastructure will be used with different relay agents. This will help save on the expenditure as well as the administrators time. Further, there will be also the maintenance of the main as well as backup DHCP at the office as well as several relay agents at the branch office. This will undoubtedly free traffic from the WAN link that exists between them. In order to further prevent the excessive network traffic at each site, there is a need to implement an automatic allocation of IP addresses. There often exists a solid network layout that often has large subnets which allows each department to grow exponentially (Stanek, 2012). The fault tolerance that will be used for the

Evaluation and analysis of mission statments Essay

Evaluation and analysis of mission statments - Essay Example The industry chosen happens to be hospitality; luxury hotels to be more specific. The three companies chosen are Burj Al Arab, Al Qasr and Shangri-La Hotel (Kotler, 2001). Mission Statement Burj Al Arab To be the most deluxe hotel in the world, with a team of dedicated to provide outstanding personalized services, surpassing expectations of the guests by providing the ultimate Arabian hospitality experience. Al Qasr Can do attitude towards all its guests Shangri-La Hotel To delight the guests every time by developing an engaging experience straight from the heart. Comparison Although there are certain differences in all the three mission statements mentioned above, there is one common factor among all of them. All the three companies have put the customers as the main focal point of the mission statement. Hence while considering the part: for whom exactly the company does it; there are lots of similarities. While considering the fact what the company does; it can be seen the mission statement of Burj Al Arab is the most clear and concise. Also while considering the fact of how a company does it; Burj Al Arab would be ahead of the other three as the hotel has mentioned about providing personalized experience through dedicated and experienced team. Evaluation and Critique The mission statements have been analyzed based on the clarity, scope and consistency. It has also been checked whether it has been able to answer all the three questions discussed before in a clear and concise fashion. The mission statement of Burj Al Arab is very much clear. It talks about the target market segment clearly, about the services to be offered and also about the way the services would be delivered to the customers. One of the most interesting things about the mission statement has been the fact that it mentions about the â€Å"Arabian Experience†; i.e. the organizations looks to introduce the guests to the native cultural heritage. The only criticism could be that the missi on statement is a bit too long. But overall, a part of the small issue regarding the length, the statement is very much clear, concise and reflects the values and objectives of the company (Czinzota, Ronkainen, Moffett, Marinova & Marinov, 2009) Although just like Burj Al Arab, Al-Qasr is also a very famous hotel; but unlike Burj Al Arab, the later does not have a clear business statement. Although the company talks about ht target market segment, but it does not talk about the way the company looks to provide the services. Hence it is to be said that there is a lot of room for improvement at least in the case of mission statement of Al-Qasr. The mission statement of Shangri-La Hotel is quite good. It is clear and concise. It has put the customers or the guests at the heart of the statement and also it talks about providing services straight from the heart; this would helps the company to develop an emotional relationship with the customers. However, it is believed that there is roo m for improvement when it comes to describing the way the services would be delivered to the customers. what a company does how does the company do it for whom exactly the company does it Burj Al Arab 5 5 5 Al Qasr 1 1 3 Shangri-La Hotel 4 4 4 Mission Statement of the proposed company The name of the company has been chosen as Arabian Nights. The reasons for such a choice is simply due to the fact that; Arabian night’

U.S War on Afghanistan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U.S War on Afghanistan - Term Paper Example Americans truly understand that the question concerning Afghanistan is not about winning the war but whether it leads to national security. The Obama administration should speed up troop withdrawal and turn over combat to the Afghan Army. The Obama administration should speed up troop withdrawal and turn over combat to the Afghan Army. Getting rid of al Qaeda does not need a large scale and long term military presence in Afghanistan for several reasons. First and foremost, we must bear in mind that the military does very well in killing bad people, bombing command centers, destroying enemy troop formations, but not able to find hidden killers. The close cooperation with agencies that enforce foreign law and the scalpel of intelligence sharing has done more in rounding up suspected terrorists as compared to the military force. Whether we choose to stay or withdraw, al Qaeda can capitalize on our choice to remain victorious. If we happen to withdraw, we may appear weak despite the fact that the U.S is responsible for about a half of the military spending in the world. Its power can be projected to the most unreachable places in the word and come up with one of the largest nuclear arsenals globally. The United States of America also seems to be weak if it remains in Afghanistan for a longer period of time. Our military will appear weak, with aimless strategies and irrespective of our efforts; continued military operations will kill more Afghan civilians thus reducing the support we have among the population. Our policy towards Afghanistan has undermined the main U.S. interests in Pakistan. Operations have managed to kill quite a number of high value targets, and this may have gravely degraded al Qaeda’s international capabilities. Unfortunately, our policies are pushing the region’s jihadist insurgency over the boundary into Pakistan. In the year 2007, tribal based groups referred to as the Taliban started emerging in the Pakistan border region in re sponse to frequent Pakistan army incursions. The current U.S. policy is continuously pushing militants into Pakistan cities, thus strengthening the jihadist forces that we are seeking to defeat, therefore, pressing the nuclear armed country into war (Adam 34). Nevertheless, the most terrible thing we can do is concentrate in this region entirely. This is the same thing we did some time back when we funded the mujahedeen, but there were costs for being in the region for a long time. We accomplished very little but gave al Qaeda the chance to push the conflict into Pakistan. America should speed up troop withdrawal; continue with open relations and sharing of intelligence with all countries of the region. It should also deploy Special Forces for operations against particular targets and engage in rigorous surveillance (Schmitt 25). For the last few years, violence in Afghanistan has been dubbed an â€Å"insurgency† which requires the application of a counterinsurgency strategy. This has risen to prominence in the U.S defense force and national security thinking that relies on theology. Counterinsurgency has become common in the present and future wars. It has thus become a new way of war for the Americans. The challenge of counterinsurgency theory and doctrine is that it hinders our ability to apprehend the nature of our predicament in Afghanistan accurately. This theory gives emphasis on the population meeting its needs, developing economies and establishing governmental legitimacy (Cooley 72). According to the theory, most of the population is not sure on whose side they should be on, we should capitalize on this to influence them to choose us. The U.S should withdraw its troops from Afghanistan by using a public timetable. They should negotiate with the government of Afghanistan and other key partners. The U.S public is against the war in Afghanistan thus the war should be brought to an end. Even

A textual Comparison Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

A textual Comparison - Term Paper Example This paper will attempt to compare and discuss O’Neill’s Mourning Becomes Electra and Sophocles’ Electra in order to ascertain the extent of the influence of classic literature to modern drama. When a writer provoked comparison with the ancient Greek tragedians, as O’Neill does so, he cannot quite protest if his dispute is recognised and he is evaluated rigidly by their standards. Certainly, what would be offensive and an act of intentional and insulting denigration, would be a thoughtful analysis of Mourning Becomes Electra as rather ‘well done’ for an American, but apparently not, a work to be evaluated by European standards. I will not replicate that mockery to O’Neill. Because he boldly tries to write on the level of the three ancient Greek tragedians (Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides), this paper will give him the privilege to evaluate him by the same standards applied to the ancient playwrights, particularly to Sophocles. The preliminary acts of Mourning Becomes Electra could have written only by a natural dramatist. Even though the play is lengthy, the acts are efficiently constructed, even in the final, scattered portion of the trilogy. The general of the Greek armies, and fortunate king and husband of the regal Clytemnestra, when he set forth on the expedition against Troy left behind him two smouldering fires of revenge. His father had been guilty of the blood of his own brother and nephews. One of the boys, Aegisthus had been spared and was now growing to manhood with but one purpose in life—to shed the blood of his more fortunate kinsman. But even more sinister was the pain he left in the heart of his wife, for before sailing, to insure the success of the enterprise, Agamemnon had been forced to slay his own daughter Iphigenia. During the long years of the war, the wife and the cousin can brood and plot, making common cause in behalf of justice. Justice—the call is as old as human nature. It’s a

Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Property Law - Essay Example The law of England and Wales permits a person to transfer his interest in property to others after fulfilment of certain conditions in accordance with law. It happens if a person dies intestate, bankrupt, or the property taken in execution of a court judgment for auction to generate the proceeds towards appropriation of liabilities (Clarke & Kohler 129). Donation ‘mortis causa’ in conventional terms is considered as a gift to someone in anticipation of the death of its maker. The transfer of property is conditional or in other words, rests with the recipient immediately subject to the condition that the will giver’s death occurs shortly (Harpum, et al 72). c) The cited gentlemen landed in the jungles of Borneo. They passed the jungle to celebrate the birthday of John in shack. During the stay at night, they heard horrible noises outside their house, which scared John. They were in fear of being attacked that would cause their death. Therefore, John handed over a bunch of keys of his house to Tim, car and a Cheque to Tim. f) Ben, the ultimate beneficiary, knew nothing about what was going on. Tim and the rest of the team members on their way to hospital in an ambulance for the treatment of John met with an accident wherein Tim was killed. b) The second deficiency is that John only handed over the keys of his house, car and not transferred it in the name of John. The Cheque given to John was not in favour of John to draw the amount through his bank account. In order to have a valid possession of the mentioned moveable and immoveable properties, Tim should have signed the deed. c) The third deficiency, the copyright of text book on property law, was not assigned to John, and the share certificates were not transferred in the name of John that were kept with the solicitor of Tim. e) As far as the rights of moveable and immoveable properties of John are concerned, according to new will

Fifth Element of Game Theory Essay Example for Free

Fifth Element of Game Theory Essay As each of the competing companies watchfully study the moves made by the others in the same industry they all belong to, they sometimes end up deciding to just do the best they can to win the biggest share in the market – without spending more time focusing of the others. This direction, when taken by the industry players, results to the occurrence of â€Å"Nash equilibrium. † (Economics 11th Edition by Richard G. Lipsey Paul N. Courant, UK: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1996) The above graph illustrates the Nash equilibrium and the optimum result that it leads to (Osborne, An Introduction to Game Theory). As opposed to how badly things may end up for the competing players, Nash equilibrium brings in profitable results for everybody. As opposed to getting stuck with the â€Å"prisoner’s dilemma† or the â€Å"pride game†, companies in this scenario have individually opted to stick to the strategies that they believe will work and will hand them the market dominance that will secure their place as the industry leader. Effects of Equilibrium Equilibrium brings balance to the economy – whether long- or short-lived. As a temporary phase that may or may not be maintained, equilibrium occurs when there is no tendency for change in the decisions of the economic entities regarding their products and services, the price and volume that they will supply, and the demand segment that they will target. (Lipsey Courant 510) Equilibrium comes in different forms as prevailing circumstances vary. â€Å"In the macroeconomic goods market, equilibrium occurs when planned aggregate expenditure is equal to aggregate output. † Thus, the volume that the suppliers has made available in the market is the same volume that buyers will actually buy. Meanwhile, equilibrium in the financial markets is attained when the supply of money is equal to the demand for money (Case Fair 67). In this setting, qualified borrowers find that there are loans that they can avail. In the same setting, financial institutions are able to use in their operations the idle cash in their coffers – they issue loans to maximize their income from lending activities. Equilibrium has been thoroughly explored as a concept and has been attributed with all kinds of applications arising from distinct circumstances and conclusions. It is not surprising that there evolved a specialized branch of game theory called â€Å"General Equilibrium Theory† which is widely used in analyzing the public and private sectors of the economy. (David Levine website) Freddie Mac in the Game Theory Freddie Mac never had to ward off many competitors in the industry. As one of the two giants –the other one being Fannie Mae – serving the country’s secondary mortgage market, the gaming area has turned out to be definitely spacious. Indeed, there is the entire USA as the territory to be serviced and there come the banks to take care of dealing with them – then there come Freddie Mac, Fanny Mae and Ginny to pour in the needed financial resources. With Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae issuing or guaranteeing a total of $5. 4 trillion in outstanding mortgage debt, these two companies practically make up the entire mortgage industry. Furthermore, they are equipped with all the needed ammunition for winning: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have indisputable strong points. Due to the implied backing of the United States government, they enjoy virtually unlimited access to the capital markets at funding costs that are below market. They pay no local taxes, only national. Each has enjoyed tremendous growth and profitability. As the biggest issuers of mortgage-backed securities and corporate securities in the world, the biggest buyers and hedgers of the securities in the world, and, not least, the source of liquidity for more than 75% of conventional and conforming home mortgages extended in this country, it could be argued that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are about as central to the American capital markets as the Treasury Department. (Annaly webstie) (Source: World Socialist website) Indeed, with their coveted roles as providers of a continuing supply of money for the banking institutions engaged in retail lending to the multitudes, Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae own the game. As competitors offering the same products and services, enjoying the same rare privileges and dealing with the same clients, Freddie Mac and Fannie May have consistently been like identical twins – though Fannie May turns out to be decades older than Freddie Mac. With each one of them keen on beating the other, the strategies and packages they resorted to turned out to work for both of them, at least during the booming growth years of the industry. Consistent with the Nash equilibrium concept, a report that came out in the Spring of 2002 showed that fully one-half of 2002’s 1. 2% gain in real GDP growth was brought on by the housing activities across the country. (Annaly website) Freddie Mac and Fannie May have been playing the Nash Equilibrium game. In such a game as theirs, â€Å"players play the best they can given their beliefs, and they have learned all there is to learn about their opponent’s play† (David Levine website). Works Cited Osborne, Martin. An Introduction to Game Theory. Oxford University Press, 2002. Lipsey, Richard Courant, Paul. Economics 11th Edition. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1996. Case, Karl Fair, Ray. Principles of Economics 8th Edition. Prentice Hall, 2007. Levine, David. What is Game Theory? Department of Economic, UCLA. 29 October 2008 http://levine. sscnet. ucla. edu/general/whatis. htm#General%20equilibrium%20theory Annaly. com Website. FAQs on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, 29 October 2008 http://www. annaly. com/ie/ffmfaq. html World Socialist Web Site. The Importance of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. 29 October 2008 http://www. wsws. org/articles/2008/jul2008/debt-j25. shtml

Disorders of the Respiratory and Circulatory System

Disorders of the Respiratory and Circulatory System Neusha Bakhtiari Aghmasjed Asthma Asthma is an allergic response which affects the bronchial tubes and can result in coughing, wheezing or breathlessness. It leads to the inflammation of airways, causing them to tighten, resulting in difficulty of breathing. Asthma is not classified as an infectious disease and it is rather an allergic condition which cause is not fully understood. It is usually triggered when the person with asthma comes in contact with: House dust mitten, animal fur, some medicines (Nsaids), pollen, tobacco smoke, exercise, stress, cold air, chest infections. When the immune system receives an inflammatory response, white blood cells release histamine and this result in the contraction of smooth circular muscle of bronchioles as well as restriction of airways. (Bronchoconstriction). More mucus is then secreted by the epithelial cells and as the result the airways are blocked even more. This condition reduces the rate of ventilation through tightened bronchioles therefore less gas exchange will take place in the alveoli and cellular respiration in the body. This condition causes breathing difficulty, coughing and wheezing as the lungs want to get rid of the built up mucus in them. There is no cure for asthma. However, there are different ways to control the condition. These methods are applied in two ways. One is to Treat/Relieve symptoms and the other is to prevent any future symptoms/attacks. The procedure includes a combination of medicines, lifestyle advice and understanding the asthma triggers. The Asthma medicines are normally given by inhaler which supplies the drug directly to airways through mouth. It is effective as it delivers the drug directly to the lungs. There are number of conditions which increase the risk of developing Asthma such as: If your parents have asthma If you are overweight If you have certain allergic conditions If you smoke or exposed to second hand smoke If you are exposed to any type of pollution or chemicals used in the industry. There are 5.4 million people in UK receiving treatment for asthma which means that 1 in 12 adults or 1 in 11 children are currently receiving treatment for their condition. In adults, asthma is more common in women than men. Assessment Criteria 1.4 Discuss disorders of the respiratory system Pulmonary Tuberculosis Pulmonary Tuberculosis is a contagious bacterial infection that can spread in areas where large amount of blood and oxygen exist such as the lungs as well as other organs in the body. This disease is caused by a type of bacterium named Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. It spreads when a person who has active TB in their lungs breaths out the germs when sneezing, laughing, coughing, singing or talking and then the other person breathe in the germs. The common symptoms of Active TB in the lungs are Cough which contains bloody mucus for two weeks or more, weakness and tiredness, sudden weight loss and loss of appetite, difficulty when breathing and chest pain or fever. TB disease can affect many organs in our body such as kidneys, bones and brain but it usually affects human lungs. There are two main stages in the process of this infectious disease. In the first stage which commonly lasts for the duration of several months, the bacteria cells attack the epithelial cells of the alveoli and bronchioles. Then they start to multiply in fibrous capsule which spreads around that area. Here the human immune system becomes stimulated and starts to resist the disease. Before this invasion is over, a few bacteria might escape into the bloodstream and develop in other body organs. If the body’s immune system is successful, this disease never develops and is known as TB infection. However, if it remains untreated it develops into the second stage where it becomes an active disease. In the second stage of this disease the germs start to multiply and destroy the epithelial cells of the lungs. In some cases, although it seems that the disease has been cured, but after a while it comes back and becomes active. This occurs mostly when the immune system of the body becomes weak. The second stage of this disease is presented through the consumption of the tissue of lungs which leads to the destruction of the alveoli. Here the person starts to manifest the symptoms such as continues cough. The risk factors that increase the possibility of a person getting infected by this disease are named below: Being in contact with/ living with an infected person. Living or working is crowded places where there is a possibility of coming in contact with people with untreated active TB. These places can be prisons, nursing homes or homeless shelters. Having a poor diet which affects the immune system of the human body. Pasteurisation of milk and cultivation of animals as this used to be a common cause of transmission of TB by Cows. Assessment Criteria 2.3 Discuss disorders of the circulatory system Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) The human heart is designed to pump the blood around the body through causing pressure. However, if the blood is pumped around the body with an increased amount of pressure than normal, the arteries and the heart itself can be seriously damaged or even it can lead to heart failure if they both stop because of the strain. High blood pressure can cause microscopic tears in the walls of the arteries which turn into scar tissue. The damaged artery can trap more plaque as the scar tissues formed in it accommodates plaques (Fat, cholesterol, etc). This causes the arteries to become narrower and as a result conditions such as Coronary Artery Disease appear. Two main conditions control the blood pressure: One is the amount of force generated when the heart pumps the blood around the body and the other is how relax or narrow the arteries are: HBP can damage the arteries: Our arteries in their healthy state are flexible strong and elastic. Its smooth internal lining is where the blood can flow freely and provide different nutrient and Oxygen gas to our tissues and organs. High blood pressure damages these cells. In the case of arteriosclerosis which causes damage to the artery by blocking it, organs such as kidneys, brain, arm and legs can be affected. These damages can lead to stroke, heart failure and kidney failure. In some cases the continues pressure of blood in already weakened artery can lead to enlargement of its walls and formation of aneurysm which can bring about life threatening complications such as internal bleeding. This complication usually takes place in our aorta. Can damage the heart: It can lead to diseases such as coronary artery disease. This happens when arteries are narrowed by coronary artery disease and do not let the blood to move freely through our arteries. It can cause chest pain, heart attack or irregular heartbeat if the blood doesn’t flow freely to the heart. It can also lead to enlarged left heart as high blood pressure leads the heart to pump blood with excess pressure around the body and causes the left ventricle to thicken. Can damage the brain: The brain has to receive blood which contains nourishing substances in order to be able to carry out its function. However, in some cases if the blood clotting takes place as the result of high blood pressure it can cause Transient ischemic attack (TIA), Stoke or Dementia. Symptoms related to HBP are headache, sleepiness or confusion. The risk factors of hypertension: Family history, obesity, smoking, type 1 2 diabetes, kidney disease, alcohol abuse, having high amount of salt in the diet, lack of physical activities (exercise) and medicines such as steroids About 10 million in the UK are diagnosed with hypertension. This means that one out of five has high blood pressure. Assessment Criteria 2.3 Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is the built up of plaques which is made up of fatty deposit around the wall of the arteries. After a while these fatty deposits of cholesterol and smooth muscle cells form Atheroma which causes the arteries to lose their elasticity as well as becoming narrow. This reduces the amount of blood flow through the arteries and blood vessels hence reducing the oxygen supply. It can take a long time until atherosclerosis is hardened and narrowed. However, when the arteries are considerably damaged, different conditions may occur such as: Thrombus: The arteries can be blocked if blood clots on the plaque made of cholesterol around its walls and as the result the blood flow will be restrained and the tissues will not receive the required nutrient. The atheroma on the walls of the arteries is covered by protective cells from the blood which flows in the artery. If this protective cell barrier is broken down, the blood will be exposed to high concentration of cholesterol on the wall of the artery and this generates the blood clotting system. This process can lead to the blockage of the artery and prevention of blood flow to the organ it supports therefore, depending on the organ; it can cause stroke, heart attack and angina. Heart failure: When the artery is narrowed, it causes damage to the muscle of the heart. High blood pressure and renal failure when the arteries which exist in the kidney are affected. Many people are affected by atherosclerosis. It is possible that it starts from the age of 20. The reason behind its occurrence is still unknown but the reasons given below can be considered as risk factors: Family history of atherosclerosis Having high amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood or low amount of HDL in the blood. High blood pressure The rate increases if the person smokes. Diabetes: In people with type 1 diabetes atherosclerosis can take many years to appear but in people with type 2 diabetes it can appear within a few years. Kidney failure Excess weight A diet with high amount of fat in it Race: People from south Asia are more likely to develop Atherosclerosis. According to the British Heart Foundation, at least 2.6 million people in the UK suffer from Atherosclerosis. Bibliography Dr. Patrick Davey, Dr Sabine Gill, Dr Carl J Brandt and Dr Steen Dalby Kristensen . 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